Our advantage
Global Logistics
We have a 10-year logistics and express cooperation agreement, so our products can be shipped to any place in the world.
Brand new and original
Our products are imported in bulk from the place of origin. Because of the cooperative relationship, our products are all original and 100% new.
24-hour service
We provide 7*24 hours service to our customers. We will be there whenever you need us.
Price advantage
All our products are priced very favorably because we have our own warehouse and supply.
| Company Information | |||
| [email protected] | |||
| Mobile | +8615980777398 | ||
| +8615980777398 | |||
| 15980777398 |

The Allen-Bradley 20P41AD250RA0NNN is a high-power regenerative DC drive belonging to the PowerFlex DC series. It is designed for industrial applications that require controlled DC motor speed, torque, acceleration, deceleration, reversing, and regenerative operation.
This model is rated for a 480 VAC-class, three-phase AC input, with a 250 A DC output rating and a 150 HP motor rating. It uses a six-pulse input architecture and supports four-quadrant regenerative motor operation, making it suitable for machinery where the motor must not only produce torque but also return energy to the drive system during controlled deceleration or overhauling conditions.
The 20P41AD250RA0NNN is configured as an IP20, NEMA/UL Type Open drive with conformal coating. This type of construction is intended for installation inside an appropriately designed electrical cabinet or control enclosure rather than for direct exposure to harsh outdoor environments.
The product configuration includes a blank plate instead of a Human Interface Module and does not include a communication module as standard. This makes the unit suitable for control architectures where the drive is integrated into an existing control panel and operated through external control equipment or the machine’s existing automation system.
| Item | Specification |
|---|---|
| Brand | Allen-Bradley |
| Product Series | PowerFlex DC |
| Product Type | DC Drive |
| Model / Catalog Number | 20P41AD250RA0NNN |
| Drive Category | Regenerative DC Drive |
| Motor Technology | DC Motor |
| Rated Motor Power | 150 HP / approximately 112 kW |
| Input Voltage Class | 460/480 VAC |
| Input Phase | Three Phase |
| Input Configuration | 6 Pulse |
| Output Current | 250 A |
| Motor Operation | Four-Quadrant / Regenerative |
| Frame Size | Frame B |
| Enclosure | IP20, NEMA/UL Type Open |
| Coating | Conformal Coating |
| Field Supply | Single-Phase Regulated |
| HIM | No HIM, Blank Plate |
| Communication Module | None as standard |
The model belongs to the PowerFlex DC family rather than the PowerFlex low-voltage AC drive families. Its architecture is specifically intended for applications involving DC motors and for modernization projects in which an existing DC motor installation needs a contemporary digital drive platform.
| Parameter | Specification |
|---|---|
| Model / Catalog Number | 20P41AD250RA0NNN |
| Brand | Allen-Bradley |
| Series | PowerFlex DC |
| Product Type | Regenerative DC Drive |
| Rated Input Voltage | 480 VAC class |
| Input Voltage Range / Class | 380–480 VAC class |
| Input Phase | 3 Phase |
| Input Type | 6 Pulse |
| Rated Output Current | 250 A |
| Motor Rating | 150 HP |
| Motor Rating | Approximately 112 kW |
| Motor Operation | Four-Quadrant Operation – Regenerative |
| Field Supply | Single-Phase Regulated |
| Frame Size | Frame B |
| Enclosure | IP20 |
| Enclosure Type | NEMA/UL Type Open |
| Conformal Coating | Yes |
| Human Interface Module | No HIM / Blank Plate |
| Communication Module | None as standard |
| Mounting | Panel / Surface Mounting |
| Approximate Dimensions H × W × D | 311 × 388 × 350 mm |
| Approximate Weight | 29.5 kg |
| Typical Application | High-power DC motor control |
| Typical Installation | Industrial control cabinet |
The published product configuration identifies the unit as a 480 VAC, three-phase, 250 A, 150 HP PowerFlex DC drive with Frame B construction and four-quadrant regenerative operation.
The physical dimensions commonly listed for this Frame B configuration are approximately 311 mm high × 388 mm wide × 350 mm deep, with an approximate product weight of 29.5 kg. Actual shipping dimensions and packaged weight can be different from the installed product dimensions and weight.
The 20P41AD250RA0NNN is designed for a three-phase AC input in the 460/480 V class. The six-pulse input configuration provides the rectification architecture used by the drive to convert the incoming AC supply into the DC power required by the DC motor control section.
For an industrial installation, the incoming supply should be evaluated together with the drive’s rated current, motor rating, protection equipment, disconnect arrangement, grounding method, line impedance, cabinet design, and applicable installation requirements.
The nominal 480 VAC input specification is particularly relevant when replacing or modernizing older DC drive systems installed on conventional industrial three-phase power distribution systems.
One of the most important characteristics of the 20P41AD250RA0NNN is its 250 A output-current rating.
This places the model in the higher-power section of the 460/480 V PowerFlex DC product range. It is intended for large DC motor installations where a small or medium-size drive would not provide sufficient current capacity.
The 250 A rating is also what distinguishes this model from nearby PowerFlex DC models such as the 167 A and 207 A versions. The PowerFlex DC selection structure progresses through different current and motor-power ratings while maintaining the same general DC-drive platform.
The 20P41AD250RA0NNN is associated with a 150 HP motor rating, equivalent to approximately 112 kW.
A 150 HP DC motor is substantially larger than the motors normally handled by compact general-purpose drives. This means that the drive is particularly relevant to large production machinery, heavy material-handling systems, processing equipment, winding equipment, and other industrial machines where high motor torque and controlled speed are required.
Motor selection should still be based on the actual motor nameplate data and application requirements rather than simply matching the horsepower number. Armature voltage, armature current, field requirements, motor base speed, maximum speed, feedback device, load characteristics, acceleration requirements, and regeneration requirements all need to be considered.
The 20P41AD250RA0NNN supports four-quadrant regenerative motor operation. This is one of the defining characteristics of the model.
In a conventional motoring condition, electrical energy is converted into mechanical energy by the motor.
During controlled deceleration or an overhauling load condition, the motor can instead act as a generator. Mechanical energy is converted back into electrical energy, and the regenerative drive architecture manages this energy through the drive system.
Four-quadrant operation is especially valuable for machinery that frequently changes direction or speed, because the motor may repeatedly move between motoring and regenerative states.
Typical examples include winding machines, unwind stands, elevators, hoists, high-inertia processing machinery, reversing mills, and other systems where controlled deceleration is a significant part of normal operation.
Regenerative operation is particularly useful where a machine contains substantial rotating inertia.
A large roll, reel, drum, shaft, flywheel, or other rotating assembly can store a considerable amount of mechanical energy. When the machine decelerates, that energy has to go somewhere.
With a suitable regenerative drive architecture, the braking energy can be handled electrically rather than relying exclusively on conventional mechanical braking or dissipative braking methods.
This can make the control system more suitable for repeated acceleration and deceleration cycles.
The actual energy flow, braking performance, and system efficiency depend on the motor, mechanical load, drive configuration, incoming electrical system, operating cycle, and application design.
The 20P41AD250RA0NNN is a Frame B PowerFlex DC drive. The Frame B designation is important when planning the control cabinet because it provides a reference for mechanical arrangement, mounting, airflow, and service access.
The approximate product dimensions are:
311 mm H × 388 mm W × 350 mm D
The approximate product weight is:
29.5 kg
The dimensions should be considered together with the cabinet’s required wiring space, incoming and outgoing cable routing, ventilation, service clearance, grounding connections, and access to terminals.
For replacement projects, the available panel space should be measured before selecting the replacement drive. Even when two drives have similar electrical ratings, the physical arrangement of terminals, ventilation paths, mounting points, and cable-entry areas can affect the final cabinet design.
The model uses an IP20, NEMA/UL Type Open enclosure configuration with conformal coating.
IP20 construction means the drive should normally be installed within an appropriate electrical enclosure rather than being treated as a completely enclosed outdoor product.
The conformal coating provides additional protection for the electronic assemblies against environmental contamination compared with an untreated electronic assembly. Nevertheless, proper cabinet design remains important.
The control cabinet should be designed with suitable temperature management, airflow, contamination control, cable routing, grounding, and electrical separation.
The model uses a single-phase regulated field supply.
The field supply is an important part of a DC motor system because the motor’s field circuit directly affects motor operating characteristics.
When replacing an older DC drive, engineers should check the existing motor field voltage and current against the requirements of the new drive configuration.
It is also important to distinguish between separately excited DC motors and other motor arrangements when performing a retrofit. The field circuit should not be treated as an incidental connection; it is part of the overall motor-control system.
PowerFlex DC applications can be configured for feedback-based speed regulation, including DC tachometer and encoder feedback arrangements depending on the system configuration.
Feedback becomes especially important when the machine requires precise speed regulation under changing load conditions.
For example, a production line may need a motor to maintain a relatively stable speed while the mechanical load changes. In this situation, the control system can use feedback information to determine the actual motor speed and adjust the drive command accordingly.
Feedback is also useful for machines involving synchronized motion, tension control, winding, unwinding, and other processes where motor speed directly affects product quality.
The Allen-Bradley 20P41AD250RA0NNN is essentially a high-power digital DC motor control platform designed around a combination of substantial current capacity, regenerative operation, regulated field control, and industrial cabinet integration.
Its 250 A rating and 150 HP motor class make it suitable for large DC motor applications rather than small machine drives.
The drive is particularly relevant in plants where DC motors remain mechanically suitable and where replacing the complete motor and mechanical transmission would be unnecessarily disruptive.
A DC motor can have a long service life when properly maintained. In many industrial machines, the mechanical system, gearbox, shafting, rolls, bearings, couplings, and motor are still usable even when the original drive electronics have become outdated.
In such cases, replacing the drive while retaining the existing motor and machine can provide a practical modernization route.
One of the major application areas for the 20P41AD250RA0NNN is DC motor retrofit work.
Many older industrial machines were originally equipped with analog DC drives or earlier-generation digital DC controllers.
When those controllers become difficult to maintain, the drive can become a significant source of downtime.
A modern PowerFlex DC drive can provide a new control platform while allowing the existing DC motor and mechanical equipment to remain in service, provided the motor and associated electrical equipment are compatible with the new drive.
A proper retrofit should include an inspection of:
The 20P41AD250RA0NNN can be used in large material-handling equipment where controlled motor acceleration, deceleration, and speed regulation are required.
Potential applications include large conveyors, processing lines, lifting-related machinery, transfer systems, and other equipment using high-power DC motors.
A major consideration in these systems is inertia.
A heavily loaded conveyor or large rotating mechanism does not stop immediately when the drive command is removed. The drive must control the transition from motoring to deceleration while maintaining appropriate speed and torque behavior.
The regenerative characteristics of the drive are therefore relevant to applications where controlled braking occurs frequently.
Winding and unwinding machinery is another important application area for high-performance DC drive systems.
A winding machine often needs to maintain controlled motor speed while the diameter of a roll changes.
An unwinding machine can also experience changing mechanical conditions as material is removed from the roll.
These applications may require coordinated control of speed and torque, as well as feedback from tachometers or encoders.
The four-quadrant nature of the drive is useful when the motor must alternate between driving and regenerative conditions during different phases of the process.
Large DC motors have historically been used in many metal-processing applications because of their controllability and torque characteristics.
Potential equipment includes rolling, finishing, drawing, tension-control, coating, and other continuous-processing machinery.
The 20P41AD250RA0NNN can be considered for such systems when the existing motor and mechanical installation remain appropriate.
For a retrofit, the key issue is not simply whether the drive is rated at 150 HP. The complete motor-drive-load relationship needs to be evaluated.
Paper-processing and converting equipment can require highly controlled motor operation.
Machines may involve large rolls, winding systems, unwind systems, tension zones, coating systems, cutting systems, and continuous material transport.
The drive’s regenerative capability can be useful when the motor repeatedly accelerates and decelerates large rotating masses.
Feedback-based control can also help maintain stable motor speed when mechanical conditions change.
Continuous production machinery often places greater demands on speed regulation than simple intermittent machinery.
In a continuous process, small speed variations can affect material tension, coating thickness, product dimensions, or synchronization between different machine sections.
A high-power DC drive such as the 20P41AD250RA0NNN can therefore be used where a large DC motor remains part of an established production system.
High-inertia loads are one of the clearest situations where regenerative drive architecture can become important.
Examples include:
During acceleration, the drive supplies energy to the motor.
During deceleration, the rotating equipment releases stored mechanical energy.
The regenerative drive provides a controlled electrical path for that energy rather than relying only on mechanical braking or energy dissipation.
Four-quadrant operation also makes the model suitable for machinery that repeatedly changes direction.
A reversing process may involve:
This type of operating profile can place significant demands on the drive and motor.
The regenerative DC architecture of the 20P41AD250RA0NNN is designed for this type of operating environment.
The 250 A output rating allows the drive to serve substantially larger DC motor applications than smaller PowerFlex DC models.
This makes the model relevant to large industrial machinery where high motor current is required.
The 150 HP rating provides a practical solution for large DC motor installations.
It occupies an important position in the PowerFlex DC 460/480 V range between the 125 HP and 200 HP classes.
Four-quadrant operation allows the motor to transition between motoring and regenerative conditions.
This is especially useful in machinery with frequent deceleration, reversing, or overhauling loads.
Regenerative operation can be valuable in applications where significant mechanical energy is returned to the electrical system during deceleration.
This is particularly relevant to high-inertia industrial machines.
The integrated regulated field-supply arrangement supports DC motor applications that require controlled field operation.
The Frame B mechanical platform provides a defined physical format for cabinet engineering and system integration.
The conformal-coated construction provides additional environmental protection for the electronics compared with an untreated electronic assembly.
For plants with existing DC motors, the drive provides an option for updating the electronic control system without necessarily replacing the complete motor and mechanical machine.
The following models are from the same PowerFlex DC regenerative family and are useful when comparing different motor-current requirements.
| Model / Catalog Number | Input Voltage Class | Output Current | Motor Power | Frame | Operation | Approx. Dimensions | Weight |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 20P41AD129RA0NNN | 460/480 VAC, 3 PH | 129 A | 75 HP / 56 kW | A | Four-quadrant regenerative | Approx. 359 × 267 × 287 mm | Approx. 14.5 kg |
| 20P41AD167RA0NNN | 460/480 VAC, 3 PH | 167 A | 100 HP / 75 kW | B | Four-quadrant regenerative | Frame B; configuration-dependent | Configuration-dependent |
| 20P41AD207RA0NNN | 460/480 VAC, 3 PH | 207 A | 125 HP / 93 kW | B | Four-quadrant regenerative | Approx. 311 × 388 × 350 mm | Configuration-dependent |
| 20P41AD330RA0NNN | 460/480 VAC, 3 PH | 330 A | 200 HP / 149 kW | B | Four-quadrant regenerative | Frame B; configuration-dependent | Configuration-dependent |
| 20P41AD412RA0NNN | 460/480 VAC, 3 PH | 412 A | 250 HP / 187 kW | B | Four-quadrant regenerative | Frame B; configuration-dependent | Configuration-dependent |
The 460/480 V PowerFlex DC regenerative range progresses through 129 A, 167 A, 207 A, 250 A, 330 A, 412 A and larger current classes. The 250 A model therefore sits between the 207 A / 125 HP class and the 330 A / 200 HP class.
For the related models, dimensions and weights should be confirmed against the exact catalog configuration and mechanical drawing before cabinet fabrication. The physical dimensions of a drive should not be inferred solely from its current rating.
| Model | Current | Motor Rating | Frame | Typical Selection Position |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 20P41AD129RA0NNN | 129 A | 75 HP / 56 kW | A | Lower power |
| 20P41AD167RA0NNN | 167 A | 100 HP / 75 kW | B | Lower than 20P41AD250RA0NNN |
| 20P41AD207RA0NNN | 207 A | 125 HP / 93 kW | B | Closest lower-current class |
| 20P41AD250RA0NNN | 250 A | 150 HP / 112 kW | B | Main model |
| 20P41AD330RA0NNN | 330 A | 200 HP / 149 kW | B | Higher-current class |
| 20P41AD412RA0NNN | 412 A | 250 HP / 187 kW | B | Higher-power class |
This progression is useful when selecting a drive during a retrofit. The first selection factor should be the motor’s actual armature current and operating requirements rather than selecting a drive based only on horsepower.
The following models are popular Allen-Bradley PowerFlex products from related AC-drive families. They are useful for comparison when an application is being evaluated for a new AC motor system.
They should not be treated as direct drop-in replacements for the 20P41AD250RA0NNN. The 20P41AD250RA0NNN is a DC drive, while the models below belong to AC drive families and therefore require a compatible AC motor and a different system architecture.
| Model / Catalog Number | Product Family | Voltage Class | Current Class | Approx. Motor Power Class | Motor Type | Dimensions | Weight |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 25B-D017N114 | PowerFlex 525 | 480 VAC class | 17 A | 10 HP class | AC Motor | Configuration-dependent | Configuration-dependent |
| 25B-D030N114 | PowerFlex 525 | 480 VAC class | 30 A | 15 HP class | AC Motor | Configuration-dependent | Configuration-dependent |
| 20G11ND077AA0NNNNN | PowerFlex 755 | 480 VAC class | 77 A | 50 HP class | AC Motor | Configuration-dependent | Configuration-dependent |
| 20G11ND156AA0NNNNN | PowerFlex 755 | 480 VAC class | 156 A | 100 HP class | AC Motor | Configuration-dependent | Configuration-dependent |
| 22F-D060N103 | PowerFlex 4M | 480 VAC class | 6 A class | 3 HP class | AC Motor | Configuration-dependent | Configuration-dependent |
These related products are better understood as part of the broader PowerFlex AC-drive portfolio rather than as direct substitutes for a high-power regenerative DC drive.
The fundamental difference is the motor technology.
The 20P41AD250RA0NNN is designed for a DC motor system.
A typical PowerFlex AC drive is designed to control an AC induction motor, permanent-magnet motor, or another compatible AC motor technology.
Consequently, replacing a DC drive with an AC drive is not simply a matter of matching horsepower.
A conversion from DC to AC can require:
For this reason, retaining an existing DC motor can be attractive when the motor and mechanical equipment remain in good condition.
The 20P41AD250RA0NNN is an IP20, NEMA/UL Type Open product, so cabinet planning is an important part of installation.
The cabinet should provide sufficient room for:
The approximate drive dimensions of 311 × 388 × 350 mm should therefore not be treated as the complete cabinet footprint.
Additional clearance is normally required around the drive for wiring, airflow, inspection, and maintenance.
A 250 A industrial DC drive can produce substantial heat during operation.
Cabinet thermal design should therefore consider:
A drive that is electrically suitable can still experience operating problems if it is installed in a cabinet with insufficient thermal management.
For retrofit projects, it is useful to inspect the original cabinet for accumulated dust, blocked ventilation paths, deteriorated fans, and excessive internal temperature.
Feedback wiring deserves particular attention during a DC drive replacement.
Existing machines may use a tachometer, encoder, resolver-related interface, or another feedback arrangement.
Before replacing the old drive, technicians should record:
Incorrect feedback wiring can lead to unstable speed control or incorrect speed measurement.
Maintenance of the 20P41AD250RA0NNN should be approached as part of the entire drive-and-motor system.
Routine inspection can include:
Because this is a DC motor application, motor maintenance can be just as important as electronic drive maintenance.
Brush wear, commutator condition, bearing condition, and field-circuit performance should be considered during scheduled maintenance.
Before selecting the 20P41AD250RA0NNN for an existing machine, the following information should be collected.
| Selection Item | Recommended Check |
|---|---|
| Drive Model | 20P41AD250RA0NNN |
| Input Voltage | Confirm 460/480 VAC class |
| Input Phase | Confirm 3-phase supply |
| Motor Power | Confirm approximately 150 HP / 112 kW |
| Motor Armature Current | Confirm motor nameplate current |
| Motor Armature Voltage | Confirm motor nameplate voltage |
| Field Voltage | Confirm motor field requirements |
| Field Current | Confirm motor field current |
| Motor Speed | Confirm base and maximum speed |
| Feedback | Confirm tachometer or encoder |
| Regeneration | Confirm four-quadrant operation requirements |
| Mechanical Load | Check inertia and torque requirements |
| Acceleration | Check required acceleration time |
| Deceleration | Check required deceleration time |
| Cabinet | Confirm space and ventilation |
| Dimensions | Approx. 311 × 388 × 350 mm |
| Product Weight | Approx. 29.5 kg |
| Control System | Check external control architecture |
| Communication | Check whether external communication hardware is required |
This information helps avoid a common retrofit mistake: selecting a drive solely from the motor horsepower.
The 20P41AD250RA0NNN can be considered for applications such as:
| Advantage | Practical Meaning |
|---|---|
| 250 A Current Capacity | Suitable for high-power DC motor systems |
| 150 HP Rating | Supports large industrial DC motors |
| Four-Quadrant Operation | Supports motoring and regenerative operation |
| Regenerative Capability | Useful for frequent deceleration and overhauling loads |
| Six-Pulse Input | Established industrial input architecture |
| Regulated Field Supply | Supports controlled DC motor field operation |
| Frame B | Suitable for high-power industrial drive construction |
| IP20 Construction | Intended for cabinet-based industrial installation |
| Conformal Coating | Additional protection for electronic assemblies |
| DC Motor Retrofit Capability | Allows existing DC machinery to be modernized |
| Feedback Support | Suitable for applications requiring controlled speed |
| Industrial Power Range | Appropriate for demanding production machinery |
The 20P41AD250RA0NNN is most relevant when a machine has a large DC motor and the application requires controlled speed, high current, reversing, or regenerative operation.
Its 250 A rating places it in a high-power range within the PowerFlex DC family.
For existing machinery, one of its practical benefits is that the drive can form part of a modernization project without automatically requiring the complete machine to be redesigned.
This can be particularly useful when the existing mechanical system is expensive, difficult to replace, or still provides the required production performance.
The Allen-Bradley 20P41AD250RA0NNN PowerFlex DC Drive is a high-power regenerative DC motor controller rated for 480 VAC-class three-phase input, 250 A output current, and 150 HP motor applications. The drive features six-pulse input architecture, four-quadrant regenerative operation, a regulated single-phase field supply, Frame B construction, and an IP20 NEMA/UL Type Open enclosure with conformal coating.
With its combination of high current capacity and regenerative DC motor control, the 20P41AD250RA0NNN is suited to demanding industrial machinery such as material-handling systems, winding and unwinding equipment, metal-processing machinery, paper and converting lines, high-inertia equipment, reversing machinery, and DC motor modernization projects.
The approximate physical size is 311 × 388 × 350 mm, with an approximate product weight of 29.5 kg. The unit is designed for cabinet installation and should be integrated with suitable incoming power protection, motor connections, field wiring, feedback equipment, grounding, cooling, and control-system interfaces.
The 20P41AD250RA0NNN is therefore particularly relevant to applications where a high-power DC motor remains an important part of an established industrial machine and where controlled motoring, regenerative braking, speed regulation, and reliable industrial integration are required.
| Specification | 20P41AD250RA0NNN |
|---|---|
| Brand | Allen-Bradley |
| Series | PowerFlex DC |
| Product Type | Regenerative DC Drive |
| Input | 480 VAC class |
| Input Phase | 3 Phase |
| Input Type | 6 Pulse |
| Output Current | 250 A |
| Motor Rating | 150 HP |
| Motor Rating | Approximately 112 kW |
| Motor Operation | Four Quadrant / Regenerative |
| Field Supply | Single Phase Regulated |
| Frame | B |
| Enclosure | IP20 |
| Enclosure Type | NEMA/UL Type Open |
| Coating | Conformal Coating |
| HIM | Blank Plate / No HIM |
| Communication Module | None as standard |
| Dimensions H × W × D | Approx. 311 × 388 × 350 mm |
| Weight | Approx. 29.5 kg |
| Main Application | High-power DC motor control |
| Main Retrofit Use | Existing DC motor modernization |
The 20P41AD250RA0NNN is a 250 A, 150 HP regenerative DC drive in the Allen-Bradley PowerFlex DC series.
Its core characteristics are the 480 VAC-class three-phase input, six-pulse architecture, 250 A output capacity, 150 HP motor rating, four-quadrant regenerative operation, regulated single-phase field supply, Frame B construction, and IP20 NEMA/UL Type Open enclosure.
The approximate physical dimensions are 311 × 388 × 350 mm, while the approximate product weight is 29.5 kg.
For industrial applications, the most important characteristics are its ability to control a large DC motor, provide controlled motoring and regeneration, support demanding acceleration and deceleration cycles, and serve as part of a DC motor modernization project.
When evaluating this model for a replacement or retrofit, the motor’s actual armature current, armature voltage, field requirements, feedback device, speed range, mechanical inertia, acceleration/deceleration requirements, and cabinet conditions should all be checked before final selection.